Actual Freedom – Definitions

Definitions

Haploid & Diploid Cells; Hazard; Heckle and Jeckle

Hedonic; Hedonism; Hedonic Tone

Heliocentrism; Herd Instinct; Highbrow

Hive Mind; Holily/Holiness; Hortative; Hortatory; Howler


Haploid & Diploid Cells:

haploid & diploid cells: “...most cells have two full sets of chromosomes and are technically called diploid cells; when such a cell divides, it must first duplicate its chromosomes so as to produce two daughter cells that are also diploid; this type of cell division is called mitosis, and all somatic cells—that is, cells used for the maintenance, functioning, and growth of an organism—reproduce in this way; by contrast, reproductive cells, or gametes, are created by another kind of cell division, called meiosis; meiosis also starts out by duplicating the chromosomes, but there are two divisions instead of one, with the result that four daughter cells are produced rather than two; since the number of chromosomes is halved with each division, each daughter cell has just a single set of chromosomes and is called a haploid cell; *during reproduction, the union of a female gamete with a male gamete restores the two full sets of chromosomes in a new organism*...”. [emphasis added]. ~ (based on the American Heritage Student Science Dictionary).


Hazard:


Heckle and Jeckle:

• [quote] ‘(...) Heckle is slightly more cynical than Jeckle.

Both of them treat their mutual enemies with threats and rudeness, but Heckle will usually make his intentions clear from the outset, while Jeckle will (at first) treat enemies politely in order to lull them into a false sense of security before unleashing magpie mayhem’. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heckle_and_Jeckle).


Hedonic:

anhedonically as contrasted to hedonically:

• [Dictionary Definition]: ‘hedonic: of, pertaining to, or involving pleasurable or painful sensations or feelings, considered as affects [emotions, moods]’. (Oxford Dictionary).


Hedonism:

• ‘hedonism: of, pertaining to, or involving pleasurable or painful sensations or feelings, considered as affects [emotions, moods]. Spec. hedonic tone, the degree of pleasantness or unpleasantness associated with an experience or state, esp. considered as a single quantity that can range from extreme pleasure to extreme pain’. (Oxford Dictionary).


Hedonic Tone:

An instinctual and thus affective hedonic attraction/ aversion discrimination underpins each and every feeling-thought-action which all feeling-beings manifest whenever ‘being’ itself (‘me’ at the core of ‘my’ being) is present-to-itself as an affective/ psychic ‘presence’ within.

Vis.:

• hedonic (adj.): of, pertaining to, or involving pleasurable or painful sensations or feelings, considered as affects [viz.: ‘emotions, moods’]; spec. hedonic tone, the degree of pleasantness or unpleasantness associated with an experience or state, esp. considered as a single quantity that can range from extreme pleasure to extreme pain.~ (Oxford English Dictionary; 1999, 2nd. Ed.; CD-ROM Vers. 2.0).

Put succinctly: every feeling-being’s experience or state of being – including that feeling-being’s emotions, passions, moods, sentiments and, thus, affectively-tinged and/or emotionally-driven thoughts – has hedonic tone (a degree of affective pleasantness or unpleasantness/ a degree of affective pleasure or displeasure).

For instance:

• [Prof. George Stout]: ‘When we wish to say that pleasure or displeasure belongs to this or that mental process, we may say that the process is pleasantly or unpleasantly toned. Hedonic-tone is a generic term for pleasure and the reverse, considered as belonging to this or that mental process. [...].

‘The hedonic tone of perception is determined by varying conditions. We may distinguish broadly the pleasure or displeasure which is directly due in the first instance to the perceptual process at the time of its occurrence, and that which arises from preformed associations. Whatever obstructs or disables perceptual process at the time of its occurrence is disagreeable; whatever favours or furthers it is agreeable. [...].

‘It is difficult to bring emotions, such as anger and fear, and sentiments, such as love and hate, completely under any other head [besides pleasure and displeasure]. Certainly, an emotion, like anger, involves some kind of cognition; but it cannot be said that the specific experience of being angry directly qualifies the nature of the presented object; in other words, this experience is not a presentation. So, too, anger has hedonic-tone, mostly of an unpleasant kind’.~ (from ‘A Manual of Psychology’ by Professor George Stout, first published 1899 by W. B. Clive, The University Tutorial Press, London).

As a matter of historical interest: the earliest record on the topic of hedonic-tone, which predates the above 1899 publication by millennia, is none other than what is known in the buddhavacana (as per the Theravādan Pali Canon) as ‘vedanā’ (approx. pron.: vay-duh-nar) or ‘vedanā-khandha’. According to Prof. James Baldwin (‘Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology’, 1905) it was Prof. Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) who first coined the term hedonic-tone (translated from German, ‘Gefühlston’; approx. pron.: gar-fools-torn).


Heliocentrism:

‘For many centuries, Heliocentrism was countered with the apparent common sense view that, if the Earth were spinning and moving around the Sun, people and objects would tend to fall off or spin out into space; an object dropped from a tower would fall behind the tower as the latter rotated with the Earth and would land to the West; and so on. A response to these objections required much better understanding of physics.
In the 16th century the theory was *revived* by Nicolaus Copernicus, in a form consistent with then-current observations’. [emphasis added]. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliocentrism).


Herd Instinct:

[Dictionary Definition]: ‘the herd instinct: gregariousness and mutual influence as a psychological factor. [from Latin gregārius, from grex, greg- ‘a flock’ + -ous]. (Oxford English Dictionary).(Oxford Dictionary).


Highbrow:


Hive Mind:

hive mind (n.): 1. a notional entity consisting of a large number of people who share their knowledge or opinions with one another, regarded as producing either uncritical conformity or collective intelligence; [e.g.]: “But how does a modern government control the hive mind without television and radio?”; “The hive mind is the biggest problem with markets”;

2. (in science fiction) a unified consciousness or intelligence formed by a number of alien individuals, the resulting consciousness typically exerting control over its constituent members; [e.g.]: “there is a Borg Queen who controls the hive mind”; ”The Doctor’s race to Oswin brought him to a room full of Daleks, but Oswin hacked into their hive mind and deleted any knowledge of the Doctor”. ~ (Oxford English Dictionary).


Holily/Holiness:


Hortative:

Hortatory:


Howler:

[Dictionary Definition]: ‘howler (colloq.): a glaring blunder’. Oxford Dictionary


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