The Human Condition:

The term ‘Human Condition’ is a well-established philosophical term that refers to the situation that all human beings find themselves in when they emerge here as babies. The term refers to the contrary and perverse nature of all peoples of all races and all cultures. There is ‘good’ and ‘bad’ in everyone ... all humans have a ‘dark side’ to their nature and a ‘light side’. The battle betwixt ‘Good and Evil’ has raged down through the centuries and it requires constant vigilance lest evil gets the upper hand. Morals and ethics seek to control the wayward self that lurks deep within the human breast ... and some semblance of what is called ‘peace’ prevails for the main. Where morality and ethicality fails to curb the ‘savage beast’, law and order is maintained ... at the point of a gun.

The ending of malice and sorrow [and their antidotal pacifiers love and compassion] involves getting one’s head out of the clouds – and beyond – and coming down-to-earth where the flesh and blood bodies called human beings actually live. Obviously, the solution to all the ills of humankind can only be found here in space and now in time as this body. Then the question is: is it possible to be free of the human condition, here on earth, in this life-time, as this flesh and blood body?

Which means: How on earth can one live happily and harmlessly in the world as-it-is with people as-they-are whilst one nurses malice and sorrow [and their antidotal pacifiers love and compassion] in one’s bosom.

Peace-on-earth is possible only when there is freedom from the Human Condition. Freedom from the Human Condition is the ending of the self in its totality. The elimination of identity is simultaneously the demise of both ‘good’ and ‘bad’ within oneself. Then ‘Good’ and ‘Evil’ vanish forever along with the dissolution of the psyche itself ... which is the only place they can live in. Because there is no good or evil in the actual world of sensual delight – where I live as this flesh and blood body – one then lives freely in the magical paradise that this verdant earth floating in the infinitude that the universe actually is. Being here at this moment in time and this place in space is to be living in a fairy tale-like ambience that is never-ending’.

• The term ‘Human Condition’ is a universally-accepted philosophical expression referring to the situation all human beings find themselves in when they emerge as babies on this verdant and azure planet which begat the human race and whereat humankind flourishes. This well-known phrase refers to the contrary and perverse nature of all peoples of all races and all cultures down through the ages. There is ‘good’ and ‘bad’ in everyone; all humans have a ‘dark side’ to their affective-psychic nature and a ‘light side’.

Because there is neither good nor evil in this actual world of sensual delight – the ubeity⁽⁰¹⁾ of flesh and blood bodies only – one then lives freely in the magical paradise which this terraqueous globe floating in the infinitude of the universe actually is. Being here at this place in infinate space, now, at this moment in eternal time, is to be having everfresh ubeity⁽⁰¹⁾ in a scintillating fairy tale-like ambience.

__________

Human Nature: 

Instinctual Survival Passions:

These are instinctual passions such as fear and aggression and nurture and desire, as well as a primeval attraction-aversion reflex – feelings of delect⁽⁰¹⁾ or disgust – in conjunction with the pathematic⁽⁰²⁾ territoriality⁽⁰³⁾ and gregarity⁽⁰⁴⁾ of pre-antediluvian hunter-gatherer lore and legend (i.e., both pre-agrarian and prior to animal-husbandry⁽⁰⁵⁾). Hereditarily bequeathed unto all sentient creatures by blind nature⁽⁰⁶⁾, as a rough-and-ready survival package, these passions – which are both savage (fear and aggression) and tender (nurture and desire) – infiltrate the thought processes and subvert reason and rationality with passionate beliefs, emotional partiality and calentural⁽⁰⁷⁾ imagininings.

Footnotes:

⁽⁰¹⁾delect (v.; rare): to delight or take pleasure in something; also, to be a source of pleasure or delight; in later use also with object (reflexive): to gratify oneself. ~ (Oxford English Dictionary).

⁽⁰²⁾pathematic (adj.): of, pertaining to, or designating, emotion or suffering. ~ (Webster’s 1913 Dictionary).

⁽⁰³⁾territoriality (n.): 1. territorial quality, condition, or status; 2. the behaviour of an animal in defining and defending its territory; 3. attachment to or protection of a territory or domain. [1890-95; from late Middle English from Latin territōrium, ‘land round a town’, ‘district’, from terr(a), ‘earth’, ‘land’ + -ial, adjectival suffix + -ity]. ~ (Webster’s College Dictionary).

See also: Territoriality

⁽⁰⁴⁾gregarity (n.): the quality of being gregarious; having a dislike of being alone; sociability, sociableness (=‘the relative tendency or disposition to be sociable or associate with one’s fellows’); (adv.): gregariously; (n.): gregariousness, gregarian. [Latin gregārius, ‘belonging to a flock’, from grex, greg-, ‘flock’]. ~ (Online Neoteric Dictionary).

⁽⁰⁵⁾animal husbandry: the aspect of agriculture concerned with the care and breeding of domestic animals such as cattle, goats, sheep, hogs, and horses. *Domestication of wild animal species was a crucial achievement in the prehistoric transition of human civilisation from hunting-and-gathering to agriculture*. The first domesticated livestock animal may have been the sheep, which was tamed around 9000 BCE in northern Iraq. By about 7000 BCE (and perhaps much earlier) the pig was domesticated in Anatolia; around 6500 BCE domestic goats were kept in Mesopotamia; by 5900 BCE (and perhaps 3,000 years earlier) there were domesticated cattle in Chad, while independently about 5500 BCE there were domesticated cattle in south-western Iran; and around 3500 BCE the horse was domesticated on the Eurasian steppes. Nothing is known of the early development of husbandry; selective breeding for the improvement of livestock was already practiced in Roman times. Continuing systematic development and improvement of domestic livestock breeds, established in England following 1760 by Robert Bakewell and others, has been paralleled by advances in animal nutrition and veterinary medicine. [emphasis added]. ~ (Columbia Electronic Encyclopaedia).

⁽⁰⁶⁾[Edward Young; 1683-1765]: “Faith builds a bridge across the gulf of Death, | To break the shock *blind nature* cannot shun, | And lands Thought smoothly on the farther shore”. [emphasis added]. ~ (lines 722-724, “Night-Thoughts on Life, Death & Immortality”).

⁽⁰⁷⁾calenture (n.): 1. a kind of delirium sometimes caused, especially within the tropics, by exposure to excessive heat, particularly on board ship; 2. (figuratively): fever; burning passion or zeal; heat: as, ‘the calenture of primitive devotion’, ‘the calentures of baneful lust’. ~ (Century Dictionary and Cyclopaedia).

See also: Taste 

List of Books on Human Nature:

Derived from a list of books on Human Nature/ Human Biology provided the ES Society (http://www.rint.rechten.rug.nl/rth/ess/ess.htm).

Altner, G. (Ed.): The Nature of Human Behaviour (London: Allen & Unwin, 1976).

Archer, J.E.: The Behavioural Biology of Aggression (Cambridge: Cambridge U.P., 1988).

Archer, J.E. & L.I. Birke: Exploration in Animals and Humans (Wokingham: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1983).

Archer, J.E. & K. Browne (Eds.): Human Aggression: Naturalistic Approaches (London: Routledge, 1988).

Badcock, C.R.: The Problem of Altruism (Oxford: Blackwell, 1986).

Bailey, K.G.: Human Paleopsychology: Applications to Aggression and Pathological Processes (London: Erlbaum, 1987).

Barash, D.P. & J.E. Lipton: The Caveman and the Bomb. Human Nature, Evolution, and Nuclear War (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1985).

Barlow, G.W. & J. Silverberg (Eds.): Sociobiology. Beyond Nature/Nurture? Reports, Definitions and Debate. AAAS Selected Symposium 35 (Boulder: Westview Press, 1980).

Bekoff, M. & D. Jamieson (Eds.): Interpretation and Explanation in the Study of Animal Behavior (2 Vols. Boulder: Westview Press, 1990).

Boehm, C.: Hierarchy in the Forest: The Evolution of Egalitarian Behavior (Cambridge MA: Harvard U.P., 2000).

Boorman, S.A. & P.R. Levitt: The Genetics of Altruism (New York: Academic Press, 1980).

Bridgeman, B.: The Biology of Behavior and Mind (New York: Wiley, 1988).

Burnham, T. & J. Phelan: Mean Genes: From Sex to Money to Food: Taming Our Primal Instincts (2000).

Buss, D.M.: The Evolution of Desire: Strategies of Human Mating (New York: Basic Books, 1994).

Buss, D.M.: The Dangerous Passion: Why Jealousy is as Necessary as Love and Sex (New York: Free Press, 2000).

Cartmill, M.: Primate Origins (Minneapolis: Burgess, 1975).

Cela-Conde, C.: On Genes, Gods and Tyrants: The Biological Causation of Morality (Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 1987).

Clark, W.R. & M. Grunstein: Are We Hardwired? The Role of Genes in Human Behavior (2000).

Colman, A.M. (Ed.): Cooperation and Competition in Humans and Animals (Berkshire: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1982).

Cronk, L.; N. Chagnon & W. Irons (Eds.): Adaptation and Human Behavior: An Anthropological Perspective (New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 2000).

Dawkins, M.S.: Unravelling Animal Behaviour (London: Longman, 1986).

DeCatanzaro, D.: Motivation and Emotion: Evolutionary, Physiological, Developmental, and Social Perspectives (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1999).

De Sousa, R.: The Rationality of Emotion (Cambridge MA: MIT Press, 1987).

De Waal, F.B.M.: Peacemaking among Primates (Cambridge MA: Harvard U.P., 1989).

De Waal, F.B.M.: Good Natured: The Origins of Right and Wrong in Humans and Other Animals (Cambridge MA: Harvard U.P., 1996).

Denno, D.W.: Biology and Violence: From Birth to Adulthood (Cambridge: Cambridge U.P., 1990).

Diamond, J.: The Rise and Fall of the Third Chimpanzee: How Our Animal Heritage Affects the Way We Live (London: Hutchinson, 1991; New York: Harper, 1992).

Feshbach, S. & J. Zagrodzka (Eds.): Aggression: Biological, Developmental and Social Perspectives (New York: Plenum, 1997).

Fox, N.A. & R.J. Davidson (Eds.): The Psychobiology of Affective Development (Hillsdale NJ: Erlbaum, 1984).

Fox, R.: The Violent Imagination (New Brunswick: Rutgers U.P., 1989).

Frank, R.H.: Passions within Reason: The Strategic Role of the Emotions (New York: Norton, 1988).

Frijda, N.: The Emotions (Cambridge: Cambridge U.P., 1987).

Ghiglieri, M.P.: The Dark Side of Man: Tracing the Origins of Violence (Perseus Press, 1999).

Glass, J.D.: The Animal Within Us: Lessons about Life from Our Animal Ancestors (Donington Press, 1998).

Goldsmith, T.H.: The Biological Roots of Human Nature: Forging Links Between Evolution and Behavior (New York: Oxford U.P., 1991).

Goodall, J.: The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior (Cambridge MA: Harvard U.P., 1986).

Goodall, J.: Through a Window: My Thirty Years with the Chimpanzees of Gombe (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1990).

Gottlieb, G.: Synthesizing Nature-Nurture: Prenatal Roots of Instinctive Behavior (Mahwah NJ: Erlbaum, 1997).

Groebel, J. & R.A. Hinde (Eds.): Aggression and War: Their Biological and Social Bases (Cambridge: Cambridge U.P., 1989).

Hamburg, D.A. & M.B. Trudeau (Eds.) Biobehavioral Aspects of Aggression (New York: Alan R. Liss, 1981).

Hamer, D.H. & P. Copeland: Living with Our Genes: Why They Matter More Than You Think (New York: Doubleday, 1998).

Harré, R. & W.G. Parrott (Eds): Emotions: Social, Cultural and Biological Dimensions (Newbury Park: Sage, 1996).

Hausfater, G. & S.B. Hrdy (Eds.): Infanticide: Comparative and Evolutionary Perspectives (New York: Aldine, 1984).

Heltne, P. & L. Marquardt (Eds.) Understanding Chimpanzees (Cambridge MA: Harvard U.P., 1989).

Holloway, R.L. (Ed.): Primate Aggression, Territoriality and Xenophobia (New York: Academic Press, 1974).

Huntingford F.A. & A. Turner: Animal Conflict (London: Chapman & Hall, 1987).

Johnston, V.S.: Why We Feel: The Science of Human Emotions (Boulder CO: Westview Press, 1999).

Keeley, L.H.: War before Civilization: The Myth of the Peaceful Savage (New York: Oxford U.P., 1996).

Klama, J.: Aggression: Conflict in Animals and Humans Reconsidered (London: Longman, 1988a).

Lancaster, J.B.: Primate Behavior and the Emergence of Human Culture (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1975).

Langs, R.J.: The Evolution of the Emotion-Processing Mind: With an Introduction to Mental Darwinism (1999).

Lorenz, K.: On Aggression (London: Methuen, 1966).

Lorenz, K.: Studies in Animal and Human Behavior (Cambridge MA: Harvard U.P., 2 Vols., 1970).

Lorenz, K. & P. Leyhausen: Motivation of Human and Animal Behavior: An Ethological View (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1973).

Loy, J. & C. Peters (Eds.): Understanding Behavior: What Primate Studies Tell Us About Human Behavior (Oxford: Oxford U.P., 1991).

MacLean, P.D.: The Triune Brain in Evolution: Role in Paleocerebral Functions (New York: Plenum, 1990).

Mandler, G.: Human Nature Explored (Oxford: Oxford U.P., 1997).

Manning, A. & M.S. Dawkins: An Introduction to Animal Behaviour (4th. ed. New York: Cambridge U.P., 1992).

Martin, D.L. & D.W. Frayer: Troubled Times: Violence and Warfare in the Past (London: Gordon & Breach).

Martin, R.D.: Primate Origins and Evolution: A Phylogenetic Reconstruction (Princeton: Princeton U.P., 1990).

Maynard Smith, J. (Ed.): Proceedings of the British Academy: Evolution of Social Behavior Patterns in Primates and Man (London: British Academy, 1996).

Maynard Smith, J.: Shaping Life: Genes, Embryos, and Evolution (2000).

McHugh, P. & V. McKusick (Eds.): Genes, Brain, and Behavior (New York: Raven Press, 1990).

McNaughton, N.: Biology and Emotion (Cambridge: Cambridge U.P., 1989).

Mednick, S.A. & K. Christiansen (Eds.): Biosocial Bases of Criminal Behavior (New York: Gardner, 1977).

Mednick, S.A. & T.E. Moffitt (Eds.): Biosocial Bases of Antisocial Behavior (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1987).

Mednick, S.A.; T.E. Moffitt & S.A. Stack (Eds.): The Causes of Crime: New Biological Approaches (Cambridge: Cambridge U.P., 1987).

Mellars, P. & C. Stringer (Eds.): The Human Revolution: Behavioral and Biological Perspectives on the Origin of Modern Humans (Princeton: Princeton U.P., 1989).

Midgley, M.: Beast and Man: The Roots of Human Nature (Hassocks, Sussex: The Harvester Press, 1979).

Midgley, M.: Animals and Why They Matter (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1983).

Nagle, J.J. Heredity and Human Affairs (Saint Louis: Mosby, 1974).

Napier, J.: The Roots of Mankind: The Story of Man and His Ancestors (London: Allen & Unwin, 1971).

Nishida, T. (Ed.): Human Origins (Tokyo: Univ. of Tokyo Press, 1991).

Nitecki, M.H. & J.A. Kitchell (Eds.) Evolution of Behavior (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 1986).

Oakley, D.A. & H.C. Plotkin (Eds.): Brain, Behaviour and Evolution (London: Methuen, 1979).

Plomin, R.: Nature and Nurture: An Introduction to Human Behavioral Genetics (Pacific Grove CA: Brooks-Cole, 1990).

Plomin, R.; J. DeFries & D. Fulker (Eds.): Nature and Nurture During Infancy and Early Childhood (Cambridge: Cambridge U.P., 1988).

Plomin, R. et al.: Behavioral Genetics (4th ed., New York: Worth, 2001).

Plutchik, R.: Emotion: A Psychoevolutionary Synthesis (New York: Harper & Row, 1980).

Plutchik, R. & H. Kellerman (Eds.): Emotion: Theory, Research, and Experience: Biological Foundations of Emotion (New York: Academic Press, 1986).

Potegal, M. & J. Knutson (Eds.): The Dynamics of Aggression: Biological and Social Processes in Dyads and Groups (Hillsdale: Erlbaum, 1994).

Pugh, G.E.: The Biological Origins of Human Values (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1978).

Quiatt, D. & V. Reynolds: Primate Behaviour: Information, Social Knowledge, and the Evolution of Culture (Cambridge: Cambridge U.P., 1993/1995).

Renfrew, J.W.: Aggression and its Causes: A Biopsychosocial Approach (New York: Oxford U.P., 1997).

Reynolds, P.C.: On the Evolution of Human Behavior: The Argument from Animals to Man (Berkeley – London: Univ. of California Press, 1981).

Ridley, M.: Animal Behavior: An Introduction to Behavioral Mechanisms, Development, and Ecology (Cambridge MA: Blackwell, 1995).

Ridley, M.: The Origins of Virtue: Human Instincts and the Evolution of Cooperation (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1996).

Ruse, M.: The Darwinian Revolution: Science Red in Tooth and Claw (Chicago: Chicago U,P., 1981).

Salter, F.K.: Emotions in Command: A Naturalistic Study of Institutional Dominance (Oxford: Oxford U.P., 1995).

Sanday, P.R.: Female Power and Male Dominance: On the Origins of Sexual Inequality (Cambridge: Cambridge U.P., 1986).

Sapolsky, R.M.: The Trouble with Testosterone and Other Essays on the Biology of the Human Predicament (New York: Scribner, 1998).

Schwartz, J.H.: The Red Ape: Orang-utans and Human Origins (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1987).

Segal, N.L.: Entwined Lives: Twins and What They Tell Us about Human Behavior (New York: Dutton, 1999).

Shaw, R.P. & Y. Wong: Genetic Seeds of Warfare: Evolution, Nationalism, and Patriotism (London: Unwin Hyman, 1989).

Silverberg, J. & J.P. Gray (Eds.): Aggression and Peacefulness in Humans and Other Primates (New York: Oxford U.P., 1992).

Stanford, C.B.: Chimpanzee and Red Colobus: The Ecology of Predator and Prey (Cambridge, MA: Harvard U.P., 1998).

Stanford, C.B.: The Hunting Apes: Meat Eating and the Origins of Human Behavior (Princeton NJ: Princeton U.P., 1999).

Steen, R.G.: DNA and Destiny: Nature and Nurture in Human Behavior (New York: Plenum Press, 1996).

Sternberg, R.J. & M.L. Barnes (Eds.): Psychology of Love (New Haven: Yale U.P., 1988).

Stoff, D.M. & R.B. Cairns (Eds.) Aggression and Violence: Genetic, Neurobiological, and Biosocial Perspectives (Mahwah NJ: L. Erlbaum, 1996).

Sussman, R.W. (Ed.): The Biological Basis of Human Behavior: A Critical Review (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1998).

Taylor, T.: The Prehistory of Sex: Four Million Years of Human Sexual Culture (New York: Bantam, 1996).

Tennov, D.: Love and Limerence: The Experience of Being in Love (Lanham MD: Scarborough House, 1999; new ed.).

Thayer, R.E.: The Biopsychology of Mood and Arousal (New York: Oxford U.P., 1989).

Thiessen, D.D.: Bittersweet Destiny: The Stormy Evolution of Human Behavior (New Brunswick NJ: Transaction, 1995).

Thiessen, D.D.: Universal Desires and Fears: The Deep History of Sociobiology (Austin: Gaea Publ., 1997).

Thornhill, N.W.: Misplaced Desire: An Evolutionary Examination of Incest (New York: Basic Books, 1997).

Thornhill, R. & C.T. Palmer: A Natural History of Rape: Biological Bases of Sexual Coercion (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000).

Thorpe, W.H.: Biology and the Nature of Man (London, 1962).

Thorpe, W.H.: Animal Nature and Human Nature (London: Methuen, 1974).

Tiger, L.: The Manufacture of Evil: Ethics, Evolution, and the Industrial System (New York: Harper & Row, 1987).

Tinbergen, N.: The Study of Instinct (Oxford: Oxford U.P., 1969; New preface, 1989).

Tuttle, R.H.: Apes of the World: Their Social Behavior, Communication, Mentality, and Ecology (Park Ridge: Noyes, 1986).

Van den Berghe, P. (Ed.): State Violence and Ethnicity (Boulder: Univ. of Colorado Press, 1991).

Van der Dennen, J.M.G. (Ed.): The Nature of the Sexes: The Sociobiology of Sex Differences and the ‘Battle of the Sexes’. Essays in Human Sociobiology, Vol. 3 (Groningen: Origin Press, 1992).

Van der Dennen, J.M.G.: The Origin of War: The Evolution of a Male-Coalitional Reproductive Strategy (Groningen: Origin Press, 1995, 2 Vols.).

Van der Dennen, J.M.G.: The Origins of War: Evolution and Intergroup Violence in Animals and Man (Westport CT: Greenwood Press, f.c.).

Weiss, M.L. & A.E. Mann: Human Biology and Behavior: An Anthropological Perspective (Boston: Little Brown, 1985).

White, T.D.: Prehistoric Cannibalism at Mancos 5MTUMR-2346 (Princeton, Princeton U.P., 1992).

Whitehead, P.F. & C.J. Jolly (Eds.): Old World Monkeys (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2000).

Wiegele, T.C. (Ed.): Biology and the Social Sciences: An Emerging Revolution (Boulder: Westview Press, 1982).

Wilder-Smith, A.E.: Man’s Origin, Man’s Destiny (Stuttgart: Hännsler Verlag, 1974).

Wills, R.: Human Instincts, Everyday Life, and the Brain: A Paradigm for Understanding Behavior (Charlottetown: The Book Emporium, 1998).

Wilson, E.O.: On Human Nature (Cambridge MA: Harvard U.P., 1978).

Wilson, E.O.: Biophilia: The Human Bond with Other Species (Cambridge MA: Harvard U.P., 1984).

Wilson, J.Q. & R.J. Herrnstein (Eds.): Crime and Human Nature (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1985).

Wilson, P.J.: Man, the Promising Primate: The Conditions of Human Evolution (New Haven: Yale U.P., 1980).

Wilson, P.J.: The Domestication of the Human Species (New Haven: Yale U.P., 1988).

Wind, J.: Man: Nature, Nurture, Future: Some Anthropobiological Reflections on World Models and Developmental Strategies (private ed., 1983).

Wood, B.A.; L.B. Martin & P. Andrews (Eds.): Major Topics in Primate and Human Evolution (Cambridge: Cambridge U.P., 1986).

Wrangham, R.W. & D. Peterson: Demonic Males: Apes and the Origins of Human Violence (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1996).

Wrangham, R.W.; W.C. McGrew; F.B.M. de Waal & P.G. Heltne (Eds.) Chimpanzee Cultures (Cambridge MA: Harvard U.P., 1994).

Wright, L.: Twins: And What They Tell Us about Who We Are (New York: Wiley, 1999).

Wright, R.: The Moral Animal: Why We Are the Way We Are: The New Science of Evolutionary Psychology (New York: Pantheon, 1994).

Wright, W.: Born that Way: Genes, Behavior, Personality (New York: Knopf, 1998).

Zahn-Waxler, C., Cummings, E.M. & Ianotti, R.J.: Altruism and Aggression: Social and Biological Origins (New York: Cambridge U.P., 1986).

Zillmann D.: Connections between Sex and Aggression (Hillsdale NJ: Erlbaum, 1984).

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The Third Alternative

(Peace On Earth In This Life Time As This Flesh And Blood Body)

Here is an actual freedom from the Human Condition, surpassing Spiritual Enlightenment and any other Altered State Of Consciousness, and challenging all philosophy, psychiatry, metaphysics (including quantum physics with its mystic cosmogony), anthropology, sociology ... and any religion along with its paranormal theology. Discarding all of the beliefs that have held humankind in thralldom for aeons, the way has now been discovered that cuts through the ‘Tried and True’ and enables anyone to be, for the first time, a fully free and autonomous individual living in utter peace and tranquillity, beholden to no-one.

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