Actual Freedom – Definitions

Definitions

Radical; Rapportage; Ratiocinative; Reconciliation; Reconcile

Red Herring; Reflecter; Regularly; Relict; Remedy

Reputation; Resentment; Resolution/ Dissolution; Revelation

Rise; Rishi; Run-of-the-Mill; Ruth

Radical:

• radical (adj.): 1. forming the root, basis, or foundation; original, primary; 2. of a quality etc., inherent in the nature of a thing or person; fundamental; 3. of action, change, an idea, etc., going to the root or origin; 4. pertaining to or affecting what is fundamental; far-reaching, thorough; 5. characterised by departure from tradition; progressive; unorthodox; 6. (mathematics): pertaining to or forming the root of a number or quantity; 7. (philosophy): of or belonging to the roots of words; connected with or based on roots; 8. (music): belonging to the root of a chord; 9. (botany): of or belonging to the root of a plant; esp. (of a leaf) springing directly from the rootstock or from the base of the stem; (adv.): radically; (n.): radicalness. [origin: late Middle English (in the senses ‘forming the root’ and ‘inherent’); from late Latin radicalis, from Latin radix, radic-, ‘root’]. ~ (Oxford English Dictionary).

Rapportage:

rapportage (n.): the factual reporting or recounting of events in writing. ~ (Collins English Dictionary).

rapportage (n.): writing intended to give an account of observed or documented events. [etymology: French, from rapporter, ‘to bring back’, ‘report’, ‘refer’ [(from Latin re-, prefix, ‘back’, ‘again’, ‘against’ + Latin portare, ‘to carry’) + -age]. ~ (Merriam-Webster Dictionary).

Ratiocinative:

ratiocinative (adj.): of, relating to, marked by, or skilled in methodical and logical reasoning; (n.): ratiocination, ratiocinator; (intr.v.): ratiocinate, ratiocinated, ratiocinating, ratiocinates; (synonyms): rational, logical, analytic, ratiocinative; these adjectives mean capable of or reflecting the capability for correct and valid reasoning: a rational being; a logical mind; an analytic thinker; the ratiocinative process; (antonyms): irrational, illogical, unreasonable, unreasoned; injudicious. [Latin ratiōcinārī ratiōcināt-, from ratiō, ‘calculation’, from ratus, past participle of rērī, ‘to reckon’, ‘consider’]. ~ (American Heritage Dictionary).

Reconciliation:

reconciliation: the action or an act of making, regarding as, or showing to be consistent or compatible’. ~ (Oxford Dictionary).

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Reconcile:

reconcile: make or regard as compatible or consistent; show the compatibility of by argument or in practice; show to be in accordance [reconcile his philosophy and his actions: harmonise, make compatible, put in agreement, adjust, attune, make coincide, make congruent]. ~ (Oxford Dictionary).

Red Herring:

red herring (idiom): something that draws attention away from the central issue, as in “Talking about the new plant is a red herring to keep us from learning about downsizing plans” {also: “The candidate used the minor issue as a red herring to distract voters from the corruption accusations against him” and “The mystery writer is known for introducing red herrings to arouse the reader’s suspicion of innocent characters”}; the herring in this expression is red and strong-smelling from being preserved by smoking; the idiom alludes to dragging a smoked herring across a trail to cover up the scent and throw off tracking dogs. [Late 1800s]. [curly-bracketed insert added] ~ (American Heritage Dictionary of Idioms).

Reflecter:

• reflecter (n.): 1. one who reflects or considers; [e.g.]: “There is scarce anything that nature has made, or that men do suffer, whence the devout reflector cannot take an occasion of an aspiring meditation”. (Robert Boyle, 1627-1691, “Experiments and Considerations Touching Colours”, 1664); 2. one who casts reflections; a censurer; [e.g.]: “This answerer has been pleased to find fault with about a dozen passages; ... the reflector is entirely mistaken, and forces interpretations which never once entered into the writer’s head”. (Jonathan Swift, “A Tale of a Tub”, 1694-97, with “Apology for the &c.”, 1710). [= French réflecteur; as reflector]. ~ (Century Dictionary and Cyclopaedia).

• reflecter (n.; archaic): a critic or someone who casts reflections or thoughts. ~ (Collins English Dictionary).

• reflecter (n.; pl. reflecters): alternative form of reflector⁽*⁾; [e.g.]: “This all leaves me wondering why Audi denies that the reflecter infers the conclusion of reflection from the beliefs of reflection”. (page 25, “Rationality and the Good”, Mark Timmons, John Greco, Alfred R. Mele; 2007). ~ (Wiktionary English Dictionary).

⁽*⁾reflector (n.; pl. reflectors): one who reflects on something; one who thinks or considers at length; [e.g.]: “Most reflectors on leadership are comfortable thinking of ‘ethical’ and ‘unethical’ as modifiers of leadership”. (page 48, “Authentic Leadership: Courage in Action”, Robert W. Terry; 1993); “Nonreflectors simply thought through that which they already knew, reflectors evaluated experiences by interpreting these experiences, and critical reflectors re-evaluated their presuppositions to correct distortions in reasoning and attitudes”. (page 154, “Metacognitive Knowledge”, Joke van Velzen; 2017). ~ (Wiktionary English Dictionary).

• reflecter (n.): a person or thing that reflects. [1655-65]. ~ (Webster’s College Dictionary).

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Random Literary Samples.

• “I have found, for instance, in the four years I have been tracking resistant writers and reflecters, that they consistently have multiple problems dealing not only with me and their colleagues in the class but in turn with their students and with their cooperating teachers, considerably more so than students whom I would characterise as ready, reflective learners”. [italics added]. ~ (from “When Students—Who Are Preservice Teachers—Don’t Want to Engage”, by C. Beth Burch; May 1, 1999, Journal of Teacher Education; ©1999 Corwin Press, Inc.).

• “Bach’s brilliant exploitation of a double chorus has his choristers acting variously as commentators, characters and reflecters, and the BBC sang with remarkable projection and clarity—though the odd discomfort with Neil Jenkins’ sometimes uncongenial translation (the almost oikish repetitions of ‘What?’ in the grinding opening chorus) could be detected. I did, though, miss the childlike purity of trebles in the ripieno line”. [italics added]. ~ (from “Presentation is More Than a Performance; Birmingham Bach Choir Symphony”; byline, Christopher Morley; Apr 17, 2006, The Birmingham Post, England).

(left-clicking the yellow rectangles with the capital ‘U’ opens each in a new web page).

Regularly:

regularly: steadily or uniformly in action, procedure, or occurrence; esp. recurring or repeated at fixed times, recurring at short uniform intervals. ~ (Oxford Dictionary).

Relict:

relict (n.): an archaic word for widow. [C16: from Latin relictus, ‘left behind’, from relinquere, ‘to relinquish’]. ~ (Collins English Dictionary).

Remedy:

remedy: a means of counteracting or removing something undesirable. ~ (Oxford Dictionary).

Reputation:

reputation: the condition or fact of being highly regarded or esteemed; distinction, respect, fame. ~ (Oxford Dictionary).

Resentment: 

• ‘resentment: an indignant sense of injury or insult received or perceived, a sense of grievance; (a feeling of) ill will, bitterness, or anger against a person or thing; spec. a negative attitude towards society or authority arising, often unconsciously, from aggressive envy and hostility, frustrated by a feeling of inferiority or impotence’. (Oxford Dictionary).
• ‘resentment: a feeling of indignant displeasure or persistent ill will at something regarded as a wrong, insult, or injury [offence implies hurt displeasure; resentment suggests a longer lasting indignation or smouldering ill will]’. (Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary).
• ‘resentment: indignation [righteous anger at something wrongful, unjust, or evil] or ill will felt as a result of a real or imagined grievance; indignant smouldering anger generated by a sense of grievance’. (American Heritage® Dictionary).

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• indignation – ‘anger excited by a sense of wrong, or by injustice, wickedness, or misconduct; righteous anger’ (Oxford Dictionary)  

RICHARD: Sure, there is a whole rage of reasons for getting angry (which vary according to different situations and circumstances) ... maybe the following will be of assistance in regards righteous anger (aka indignation):

• [Richard]: ‘One of the major issues the identity inhabiting this flesh and blood body all those years ago attended to very early in the piece was the indignation – ‘anger excited by a sense of wrong, or by injustice, wickedness, or misconduct; righteous anger’ (Oxford Dictionary) – which had dogged him from almost as early as ‘he’ could remember (‘he’ was often moved to indignancy because of injustice/ unfairness whilst still in grade school for instance) as righteousness, being oh-so-readily justifiable, is such an insidious feeling’. (Richard, Actual Freedom List, No. 79, 9 February 2005).

• [Richard]: ‘... one of the most persistent forms of anger is indignation (or righteous anger/justifiable anger): it can be eradicated rather simply by the realisation that its raison d’être – a guardian against injustice, unjustness, unfairness, inequality (partiality, discrimination, and so on) – is as much a human invention as those concepts it defends ... justice, justness, fairness, equality (impartiality, indiscrimination, and so on).
I have touched upon this elsewhere: (Richard, Actual Freedom List, No. 66, 27 April 2005).

• [Richard]: ‘There is no ‘chaos’ and ‘order’ as a ‘sub-stratum of the universe’ ... they are but human inventions and do not exist in actuality. The same applies to fairness/unfairness, justice/injustice and any other human concepts that, whilst being useful for human-to-human interaction, are futility in action when applied to the universe. Male logic is as useless as female intuition when it comes to being free: the everyday reality of the ‘real-world’ is a veneer ‘I’ paste over the top of the pristine actual world by ‘my’ very being ... and ‘being’ is the savage/ tender instinctual passions (giving rise to feelings of malice/ love and sorrow/ compassion etc., with the resultant concepts of bad/ good and evil/ god and so on) which cripples intelligence by invariably producing dualistic concepts. ‘Tis all a fantasy ... feelings rule in the human world’. (Richard, List B, No. 33c, 3 August 2000).

Put simply: nature is neither fair nor just – a volcanic eruption (for just one instance) does not discriminate between who or what it obliterates/ destroys – and thus coupled with the basic resentment at having to be alive in the first place is the further grievance that life is inequitable/ iniquitous. (Richard, Actual Freedom List, No. 76, 16 June 2005).

Resolution:

resolution: the answering of a question; the solving of doubt or a problem; the settlement of a dispute; formerly also, an explanation, a solution; the supplying of an answer. ~ (Oxford Dictionary).

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Dissolution:

dissolution: the action of bringing to an end; the state of being ended; destruction or ruin of an organised system etc. ~ (Oxford Dictionary).

Revelation:

revelation: the disclosure or communication of knowledge by a divine or supernatural agency; an instance of this; a thing disclosed or made known by divine or supernatural means. ~ (Oxford Dictionary).

Rise:

• rise (n.): elevation or increase in rank, fortune, influence, etc.; [e.g.]: “the rise and fall of ancient Rome”. ~ (Webster’s College Dictionary).

• rise (n.): elevation in status, prosperity, or importance; [e.g.]: “the family’s rise in New York society”. ~ (American Heritage Dictionary).

• rise (adj.): to attain higher rank, status, or reputation; [e.g.]: “he will rise in the world”. ~ (Collins English Dictionary).

Rishi:

‘Having Achieved what the (Ancient) Ṛṣi Didn’t/Couldn’t’:

ṛṣi (m.): a singer of sacred hymns, an inspired poet or sage, any person who alone or with others invokes the deities in rhythmical speech or song of a sacred character (e. g. the ancient hymn-singers Kutsa, Atri, Rebha, Agastya, Kuśika, Vasishṭha, Vy-aśva).

• The Ṛshis were regarded by later generations as patriarchal sages or saints, occupying the same position in India history as the heroes and patriarchs of other countries, and constitute a peculiar class of beings in the early mythical system, as distinct from gods, men, Asuras, &c.

• They are the authors or rather seers of the Vedic hymns, i. e. according to orthodox Hindū ideas they are the inspired personages to whom these hymns were revealed, and such an expression as ‘the Ṛshi says’ is equivalent to ‘so it stands in the sacred text’.

• Seven Ṛshis, sapta ṛṣayaḥ, or saptaṛṣayaḥ, or saptarṣayaḥ, are often mentioned in the Brāhmaṇas and later works as typical representatives of the character and spirit of the pre-historic or mythical period.

• Their names are given as follows, Gotama, Bharadvāja, Viśvā-mitra, Jamadagni, Vasishṭha, Kaśyapa and Atri.

• Marīci, Atri, Aṅgiras, Pulaha, Kratu, Pulastya, Vasishṭha are given as the names of the Ṛshis of the first Manvantara, and they are also called Prajāpatis or patriarchs.

• Afterwards three other names are added, viz. Pracetas or Daksha, Bhṛgu, and Nārada, these ten being created by Manu Svāyambhuva for the production of all other beings including gods and men.

• In astron. the seven Ṛshis form the constellation of ‘the Great Bear’.

• Metaphorically, the seven Ṛshis may stand for the seven senses or the seven vital airs of the body.

• A saint or sanctified sage in general, an ascetic, anchorite (this is a later sense sometimes three orders of these are enumerated, viz. Devarshis, Brahmarshis, and Rājarshis; sometimes seven, four others being added, viz. Maharshis, Paramarshis, Śrutarshis, and Kāṇdarshis).

• The seventh of the eight degrees of Brāhmans.

• A hymn or Mantra composed by a Ṛshi.

• The Veda Comm. on MBh. and Pat.

• A symbolical expression for the number seven.

• The moon.

• An imaginary circle.

• A ray of light.

• The fish Cyprinus Rishi; (arsan, ‘a sage, a man old in wisdom’; arrach, ‘old, ancient, aged’).

(Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary; first published in 1899 by Oxford University Press).

Run-of-the-Mill: 

The hyphenated prase ‘run-of-the-mill’ is an English translation of the compound Pāli word ‘puthujjana’ (i.e., puthu = ‘ordinary, common’ + jjana = ‘a creature, living being’; (sing.): ‘an individual, person, man’; (pl.): ‘men, persons, people, beings’).

Viz.:

• puthujjano (m.) a man of the lower classes or of low character; a common or ordinary man, one who is unconverted as opposed to one who has entered the paths, a worlding, natural or unsanctified man. ~ (Vipassana Research Institute Pāli-English Dictionary).

• puthujjana (m.) a common worldling; uneducated person. ~ (Ambalangoda Polwatte Buddhadatta Pāli-English Dictionary).

• puthujjana (m.) an ordinary, average person, a common worldling, a man of the people, an ordinary man. ~ (Pali Text Society Pāli-English Dictionary).

For example (from SN 36.6; Sallatha Sutta; PTS: S iv 207):

• [Mr. Geoffrey DeGraff]: ‘Monks, an uninstructed run-of-the-mill person feels feelings of pleasure, feelings of pain, feelings of neither-pleasure-nor-pain. A well-instructed disciple of the noble ones also feels feelings of pleasure, feelings of pain, feelings of neither-pleasure-nor-pain. So what difference, what distinction, what distinguishing factor is there between the well-instructed disciple of the noble ones and the uninstructed run-of-the-mill person?’ ~ (www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn36/sn36.006.than.html).

It is also translated as ‘worldling’ (i.e., ‘a person devoted to the interests and pleasures of this world; worldly person’).

Viz.;

• [Mr. Siegmund Feniger]: ‘An untaught worldling, O monks, experiences pleasant feelings, he experiences painful feelings and he experiences neutral feelings. A well-taught noble disciple likewise experiences pleasant, painful and neutral feelings. Now what is the distinction, the diversity, the difference that exists herein between a well-taught noble disciple and an untaught worldling?’ ~ (www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn36/sn36.006.nypo.html).

Incidentally the words ‘uninstructed’ and ‘untaught’, which precede those renderings of ‘puthujjana, are translations of the Pāli adjective ‘assutavā’ meaning ‘one who has not heard, ignorant; one who has no learning’.

The phrases ‘disciple of the noble ones’ and ‘noble disciple’ are ways of rendering the Pāli ‘ariyasāvaka’ (i.e.,ariya = French ‘Noblesse’, English ‘Aristocrat’, Latin ‘Patrician’ + sāvaka = ‘hearer, listener, pupil; a disciple’).

(Hence my usage of the word ‘elitist’).

For the sake of reference here is that above paragraph in its original Pāli (with those words highlighted for convenience).

Viz.:

• [1. 20. 6; Sallasuttaṃ; 254]: ‘Assutavā bhikkhave puthujjano sukhampi vedanāṃ vediyati, dukkhampi vedanaṃ vediyati, adukkhamasukhampi vedanaṃ vediyati, sutavā bhikkhave ariyasāvako sukhampi vedanaṃ [PTS Page 208] vediyati, dukkhampi vedanaṃ vediyati, adukkhamasukhampi vedanaṃ vediyati, tatra bhikkhave ko viseso, ko adhippāyo, kiṃ nānākaraṇaṃ sutavato ariyasāvakassa assutavatā puthujannoti?’ [emphasis added]. ~ (www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sltp/SN_IV_utf8.html#pts.207).

Ruth:

ruth: compassion, pity; the feeling of sorrow for another’. ~ (Oxford Dictionary).

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